Article 2189 of the Civil Code states: “Provinces, cities and municipalities shall be liable for damages for the death of, or injuries suffered by, any person by reason of the defective condition of roads, streets, bridges, public buildings and other public works under their control and supervision.”

This means that if a manhole is left open or uncovered, and it causes an accident that results in injury or damage, the local government unit that has control and supervision over that road may be held legally responsible.

To succeed in a claim against the city government, you generally need to show:

• The road or manhole was under the city’s control and supervision — This is usually straightforward for city streets and public roads.
• The condition was defective or dangerous — The manhole was open, uncovered, or in a state of disrepair.
• The injury or damage was caused by that defective condition — There is a direct causal link between the open manhole and your injury.
• You were not contributorily negligent — You were exercising reasonable care at the time of the accident.

1. Seek medical attention — Your health comes first. Get a medical report documenting your injuries.
2. Document the scene — Take photos and videos of the open manhole, the surrounding area, and any warning signs (or lack thereof). Record the exact location and time.
3. Gather witness information — Get names and contact details of anyone who saw the accident.
4. Report the incident — File a report with the barangay or the city engineering office.
5. Keep receipts — Save all medical bills, transportation costs, and other expenses related to the injury.
6. Consult a lawyer — Before filing a case, seek legal advice on the strength of your claim and the proper procedure.